Abstract
Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at the glia limitans, where it mediates water exchange across the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers (BSCB/BBB), and controls cell volume, extracellular space volume, and astrocyte migration. Perivascular enrichment of AQP4 at the BSCB/BBB suggests a role in glymphatic function. Recently, we have demonstrated that AQP4 localization is also dynamically regulated at the subcellular level, affecting membrane water permeability. Ageing, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic CNS injury, and sleep disruption are established and emerging risk factors in developing neurodegeneration, and in animal models of each, impairment of glymphatic function is associated with changes in perivascular AQP4 localization. CNS oedema is caused by passive water influx through AQP4 in response to osmotic imbalances. We have demonstrated that reducing dynamic relocalization of AQP4 to the BSCB/BBB reduces CNS oedema, and accelerates functional recovery in rodent models. Given the difficulties in developing pore-blocking AQP4 inhibitors, targeting AQP4 subcellular localization opens up new treatment avenues for CNS oedema, neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and provides a framework to address fundamental questions about water homeostasis in health and disease.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 64–75 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | Brain |
Volume | 145 |
Issue number | 1 |
Early online date | 9 Sept 2021 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Jan 2022 |
Bibliographical note
© The Author(s) (2021). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Funding: We acknowledge grants from the Biotechnology & Biosciences Research Council (to R.M.B.,
A.C.C., and P.K. through BB/P025927/1), Aston University (to P.K. through a 50th
Anniversary Prize Fellowship), the Swedish Research Council (to S.T.-H. through 2013-
05945); the Crafoord Foundation (to S.T.-H. through 20140811 and 20180916) and the Magnus
Bergvall Foundation (to S.T.-H. through 2015-01534).
Keywords
- neurodegeneration
- regulation
- traumatic brain and spinal cord injury
- water channel