Human iPSC ‐derived endothelial cells promote CNS remyelination via BDNF and mTORC1 pathway

Damage of myelin is a component of many diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). The activation and maturation of the quiescent oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are the crucial cellular processes for CNS remyelination, which is influenced by neuroinflammation in the lesion microenvironment. Endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC‐ECs) have shown promise in restoring function in various preclinical animal models. Here we ask whether and whether transplantation of hiPSC‐ECs could benefit remyelination in a mouse model of CNS demyelination. Our results show that in vitro, hiPSC‐ECs increase OPC proliferation, migration and differentiation via secreted soluble factors including brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). hiPSC‐ECs also promote the survival of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation of hiPSC‐ECs into a toxin‐induced demyelination lesion in mouse corpus callosum (CC) leads to increased density of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and level of myelin in demyelinated area, correlated with a decreased neuroinflammation and an increased proportion of pro‐regenerative M2 phenotype in microglia/macrophages. The hiPSC‐EC‐exposed oligodendrocyte lineage cells showed significant increase in the level of phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (pS6) both in vitro and in vivo, indicating an involvement of mTORC1 pathway. These results suggest that hiPSC‐ECs may benefit myelin protection and regeneration which providing a potential source of cell therapy for a wide range of diseases and injuries associated with myelin damage.