Impact of congestion pricing schemes on emissions and temporal shift of freight transport

This paper examines the freight transport temporal shift and the vehicular pollutants emissions in an urban transport network with congestion pricing schemes, specifically when only freight transportation is tolled in the peak period. The equivalent minimization models of no-toll, first-best, and second-best congestion pricing scenarios are presented with an excess-demand approach based on user equilibrium analysis, in which the different pricing schemes include multiple time periods and mixed traffic. We established results for the equivalent conditions and the uniqueness conditions of the models. The findings and policy insights are discussed using simulation and sensitivity analysis of the key parameters.